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We all know someone who insists on wearing a cardigan in summer or refuses to turn on the air conditioning because “it’s not that hot”. Chances are this is an older person, and there’s a good reason for that.

As we get older, we tend to not “feel” the heat even though our bodies are . This contradiction can have , especially during periods of extreme heat.

So, why is extreme heat so dangerous for older people? And what can we do to help?

Why are older people at risk?

more Australians than , and people aged 60 or older account for 69% of those deaths.

There are five key reasons we’re more susceptible to heat as we get older.

1. Bodily changes

One of the main ways we lose excess heat, , isn’t as effective as we get older. This is in part because the blood vessels in our skin don’t expand fast enough, and we may have less blood pumping with each beat of our heart.

in our bodies also lead us to gain and store more heat as we get older. These include how our bodies control sweat and how well our kidneys balance fluid, which are both important for staying cool.

2. Social isolation

Loneliness and social isolation are on their own, but also of heat-related illness.

A South Australian of older people showed those who were socially isolated were less confident in asking for help during a heatwave.

This is concerning as many older Australians , and we are more likely to live alone as we get older.

3. Beliefs and behaviour

Older Australians may not respond to heat in ways that protect their own health and wellbeing. Australian culture tends to view heat tolerance as a matter of and , where there is a sense of generational pride in being able to cope with the heat.

many older people have concerns about the cost of air conditioning, may be hesitant to use it, or accidentally use reverse cycle units as heaters.

4. Medical issues

Many chronic illnesses that are more common with age are also associated with an increased risk for heat-related illness. Because blood flow is so important for regulating our body temperature, it’s not surprising that conditions such as and are associated with increased heat risk.

Similarly, many medications commonly prescribed for chronic illnesses can with how our body regulates temperature. For instance, some blood pressure medicines reduce our ability to sweat and lose heat.

5. �Թ���վ environment

It is for older Australians to find affordable and appropriate housing, especially pensioners and renters.

Poor home design, lack of insulation, inability to pay their energy bills, and limited income to being vulnerable to heatwaves in Australia. This is particularly troubling as energy prices soar.

What can we do?

Older Australians

Knowing the risks of extreme heat is the first step. Don’t your own risk during a heatwave.

There are many practical ways we can all keep ourselves and our homes cool, both safely and efficiently. These include:

• using a fan, , especially when it’s humid, but may when it’s very hot and dry. If you have an air conditioner, consider using it

• knowing the conditions inside your home by installing thermometers that ideally also so you know which ways will work best to cool down

• opening windows facing away from the sun when it’s cooler outside; otherwise keep blinds closed in the heat of the day

• taking cool showers or applying a damp cloth to the back of your neck can help cool the skin

• taking regular, small drinks of water, even when you’re not thirsty (unless you have in which case you need to talk to your doctor first as too much water may be a problem for you)

• of heat exhaustion and heat stroke.

Older relatives, friends and neighbours

We can all keep an eye on our older relatives, friends and neighbours as:

• keeping in touch is from heat-related illness; check in regularly

• when an older person can’t keep the house cool, support a day trip to a cooler place such as a library, cinema, or shopping centre

• encourage them to talk to their doctor about how medical conditions or medications might increase their risk to heat.

We need to raise awareness

Australians are growing complacent about the health risks of extreme heat, see heatwaves as normal and public health messages any more.

It’s also important to remember that older people aren’t all the same, so any public health approaches to extreme heat should be tailored to .

One way we’re trying to help is by working directly with older people. Together, we’re that makes it easier to know when your house is getting warm, and customising strategies you can use to cool down safely.

Sarah Cunningham receives an Australian Government Research Training Program scholarship. She is affiliated with the Extreme Heat and Older Persons research group which receives funding from Wellcome.

Shannon Rutherford receives funding from Wellcome