Science fiction is rife with fanciful tales of deadly organisms emerging from the ice and wreaking havoc on unsuspecting human victims.
Authors
Corey J. A. Bradshaw
Matthew Flinders Professor of Global Ecology and Models Theme Leader for the ARC Centre of Excellence for Australian Biodiversity and Heritage, Flinders University
Giovanni Strona
Doctoral program supervisor, University of Helsinki
From in Antarctica, to super-parasites emerging from a in Siberia, to exposed causing a viral pandemic – the concept is marvellous plot fodder.
But just how far-fetched is it? Could pathogens that were once common on Earth – but frozen for millennia in glaciers, ice caps and – emerge from the melting ice to lay waste to modern ecosystems? The potential is, in fact, quite real.
Dangers lying in wait
In 2003, from samples taken from the bottom of an ice core drilled into an on the . The ice at that depth was more than 750,000 years old.
In 2014, a giant “zombie” Pithovirus sibericum virus was 30,000-year-old Siberian permafrost.
And in 2016, an outbreak of (a disease caused by the bacterium Bacillus anthracis) was attributed to the rapid in permafrost. It killed thousands of reindeer and affected dozens of people.
More recently, scientists found between viruses isolated from lake sediments in the high Arctic and potential living hosts.
Earth’s climate is warming at a , and up to four times faster such as the Arctic. Estimates suggest we can expect (4,000,000,000,000,000,000,000) microorganisms to be released from ice melt each year. This is about the same as the estimated number of stars .
However, despite the unfathomably large number of microorganisms being released from melting ice (including pathogens that can potentially infect modern species), no one has been able to estimate the risk this poses to modern ecosystems.
In published today in the journal PLOS Computational Biology, we calculated the ecological risks posed by the release of unpredictable ancient viruses.
Our simulations show that 1% of simulated releases of just one dormant pathogen could cause major environmental damage and the widespread loss of host organisms around the world.
Digital worlds
We used a software called to run experiments that simulated the release of one type of ancient pathogen into modern biological communities.
We then measured the impacts of this invading pathogen on the diversity of modern host bacteria in thousands of simulations, and compared these to simulations where no invasion occurred.
The invading pathogens often survived and evolved in the simulated modern world. About 3% of the time the pathogen became dominant in the new environment, in which case they were very likely to cause losses to modern host diversity.
In the worst- (but still entirely plausible) case scenario, the invasion reduced the size of its host community by 30% when compared to controls.
The risk from this small fraction of pathogens might seem small, but keep in mind these are the results of releasing just one particular pathogen in simulated environments. With the sheer number of ancient microbes being released in the real world, such outbreaks represent a substantial danger.
Extinction and disease
Our findings suggest this unpredictable threat which has so far been confined to science fiction could become a powerful driver of ecological change.
While we didn’t model the potential risk to humans, the fact that “time-travelling” pathogens could become established and severely degrade a host community is already worrisome.
We highlight yet another source of potential species extinction in the modern era – one which even our do not include. As a society, we need to understand the potential risks so we can prepare for them.
Notable viruses such as , and were likely transmitted to humans via contact with other animal hosts. So it is that a once ice-bound virus could enter the human population via a .
While the likelihood of a pathogen emerging from melting ice and causing catastrophic extinctions is low, our results show this is no longer a fantasy for which we shouldn’t prepare.
Corey J. A. Bradshaw receives funding from the Australian Research Council.
Giovanni Strona does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
