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A from the Academy of Medical Sciences highlights the “appalling decline” in child health and a need for “urgent action”. In recent years, child vaccination rates have fallen well below World Health Organization target levels, creating a resurgence of outbreaks of such as measles.

In England, more than one in five children are by age five and children have tooth decay. Demand for child mental health services . Perhaps most worryingly, the rise in infant mortality means that UK is now OECD countries – well behind other European countries except Bulgaria, Romania and Slovakia.

One of the most important drivers of this crisis is the number of children in the UK living in extreme poverty, which between 2019-2022.

The early years, the period from pregnancy to the first five years of life, have historically been overlooked in research and policy. More recently, the from conception to age two has been recognised as a critical period in which the building blocks for lifelong emotional and physical health are laid down.

Investing in the early years is one of the most important things we can do as a society to build a better future and promote the nation’s health, wellbeing and prosperity. There is clear evidence that such investment will be cost-effective in enabling future adults to live long and productive lives.

For example, data from the Royal Foundation and the London School of Economics has shown that the of addressing issues that might have been avoided through action in early childhood is more than £16 billion each year – the total annual spend in England on early education and childcare entitlements.

How to reverse the decline

So what can be done to reverse these worrying trends?

The Academy of Medical Sciences’ report outlines several recommendations to improve the health and wellbeing of children in the UK and the adults they will become.

The first recommendation is to implement effective early years interventions. One example of such an intervention is the Family Nurse Partnership (FNP), an intensive early home visiting programme for first time teenage mothers. The FNP aims to improve birth outcomes, child health and development, and promote economic self-sufficiency among young mothers.

My colleagues and I recently in England participating in the FNP from 2010-2019. We found some evidence to suggest that children born to mothers enrolled in FNP were more likely to achieve a good level of development at school entry (age five), supporting findings from a . Mothers were engaged in the programme, with the majority meeting fidelity targets (Figure 1).

However, in local areas where the FNP was offered, are enrolled due to insufficient places on the programme. In areas with high numbers of teenage mothers, enrolment rates are even lower. More needs to be done to ensure that when interventions are implemented, they are offered to all those who could benefit from support.

A further recommendation is to address the decline in the child and family health workforce. Health visitors are trained nurses who are to influence and work with the whole family in the interests of children on social, psychological and health choices. Years of austerity, cuts and a depleted workforce have meant that since 2015, the health visiting workforce has (from 11,193 to 7,030 in 2022).

The real term value of the public health grant from which health visiting is commissioned . In the context of this disinvestment, there is huge variation in how local areas are delivering their services. For example, has shown that the number of children receiving their (mandated) 2 to 2½-year review ranges between 33%-97% depending on in which area they live (Figure 2).

Investment in targeted interventions and universal services in the early years is key to supporting the health and development of children and the wellbeing of their families in the critical period before school.

Children need joined-up thinking

However, such interventions and policies should be underpinned by high-quality research and evaluation. We need to consider the wider determinants of health and wellbeing across the lifecourse, such as education, social care income, criminal justice and the environment, to support a more joined up and cross-government approach to improving outcomes.

Historically, linking cross-sectoral data in this way has been challenging. However, there is promising progress in this area. One example of this is , a national resource linking together data from hospitals, schools and social care for 20 million children in England and their mothers (Figure 3).

This unique data set represents a significant step towards a more holistic approach to understanding the , including maternal mental health, childhood chronic conditions and school absences.

Katie Harron does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.