Most CubeSats weigh less than a bowling ball, and some are small enough to hold in your hand. But the impact these instruments are having on space exploration is gigantic. CubeSats – miniature, agile and cheap satellites – are revolutionizing how scientists study the cosmos.
Author
Mustafa Aksoy
Assistant Professor of Electrical & Computer Engineering, University at Albany, State University of New York
A is tiny, about 4 pounds (roughly 2 kilograms). Some are larger, maybe four times the standard size, but others are no more than a pound.
As a who works with new space technologies, I can tell you that CubeSats are a simpler and far less costly way to reach other worlds.
Rather than carry many instruments with a vast array of purposes, these Lilliputian-size satellites typically focus on a single, specific scientific goal – whether or measuring the size of an asteroid. They are affordable throughout the space community, even to small startup, private companies and university laboratories.
Tiny satellites, big advantages
CubeSats’ advantages over larger satellites are significant. CubeSats are cheaper to develop and test. The savings of time and money means more frequent and diverse missions along with less risk. That alone increases the pace of discovery and space exploration.
CubeSats don’t travel under their own power. Instead, they hitch a ride; they become part of the payload of a larger spacecraft. Stuffed into containers, they’re ejected into space by a spring mechanism attached to their dispensers. Once in space, they power on. CubeSats usually conclude their missions by burning up as they enter the atmosphere after their orbits slowly decay.
Case in point: A team of students at Brown University built a CubeSat in . The satellite, about the size of a loaf of bread and developed to study the growing problem of , was .
Smaller size, single purpose
Sending a satellite into space is nothing new, of course. The Soviet Union launched Sputnik 1 . Today, about , and nearly all are engaged in communications, navigation, military defense, tech development or Earth studies. Only a few – less than 3% – .
That is now changing. Satellites large and small are rapidly becoming the backbone of space research. These spacecrafts can now travel long distances to study planets and stars, places where human explorations or robot landings are costly, risky or simply impossible with the current technology.
But the cost of building and launching traditional satellites is considerable. NASA’s , launched in 2009, is roughly the size of a minivan and cost close to $600 million. The , with a wingspan the length of a school bus, cost more than $700 million. The , a 4,000-pound (1,800-kilogram) probe designed to study the Sun, cost $1.5 billion. And the – the length of a basketball court and scheduled to launch in October 2024 to the Jupiter moon Europa – will ultimately cost $5 billion.
These satellites, relatively large and stunningly complex, are , a not uncommon occurrence. In the blink of an eye, years of work and hundreds of millions of dollars could be lost in space.
Exploring the Moon, Mars and the Milky Way
Because they are so small, CubeSats can be released in large numbers in a single launch, further reducing costs. Deploying them in batches – known as constellations – means multiple devices can make observations of the same phenomena.
For example, as part of the Artemis I mission in November 2022, . The satellites are now trying to detect and map water on the Moon. These findings are crucial, not only for the upcoming Artemis missions but to the quest to sustain a permanent human presence on the lunar surface. The CubeSats cost $13 million.
– two of them – accompanied to Mars in 2018. They served as a real-time communications relay back to Earth during Insight’s entry, descent and landing on the Martian surface. As a bonus, they with wide-angle cameras. They cost about $20 million.
CubeSats have also studied nearby stars and exoplanets, which are . In 2017, deployed , a CubeSat that observed , also known as Janssen, an exoplanet eight times larger than Earth, orbiting a star 41 light years away from us. In reconfirming the existence of that faraway world, ASTERIA became the smallest space instrument ever to detect an exoplanet.
Two more notable CubeSat space missions are on the way: , scheduled to launch in October 2024, will deploy the first deep-space CubeSats to visit the , which orbits between Mars and Jupiter in the asteroid belt.
And the , with a launch planned for 2025, will study the of a soon-to-be-named asteroid. The size of a suitcase, M-Argo will be the smallest CubeSat to perform its own independent mission in interplanetary space.
The swift progress and substantial investments already made in CubeSat missions could help make humans a multiplanetary species. But that journey will be a long one – and depends on the next generation of scientists to develop this dream.
