Increasing diversity in Melbourne’s suburbs lowers socially exclusivist attitudes to Victorians of Muslim, African and Middle Eastern descent, a report from Monash University has found.
A study of 2,500 people across 148 neighbourhoods in Melbourne, published in the report Understanding the Context of Racial and Cultural Exclusivism: A Study of Melbourne Neighbourhoods, found neighbourhood ethnic diversity directly correlated with greater acceptance of migrants.
With Australia – and the rest of the world – experiencing one of the most significant social, economic and health crises in history, the report’s findings and recommendations have been labelled “crucial” by its authors.
Researchers found people are more likely to endorse exclusionary actions towards migrants if they anticipate rejection from people who are ethnically different to them, of particular note during times of social change.
The report was led by , Director of the (MMIC) in the Faculty of Arts and supported by fellow researchers from MMIC and representatives from Deakin University, Australian Catholic University and the Australian Multicultural Foundation.
Associate Professor Wickes said creating and sustaining a welcoming culture during the COVID-19 pandemic was “ever more pressing”.
“There are already signs that racial and ethnic discrimination is on the rise,” she said. “Reported increases of racially motivated abuse, particularly against Asian Australians, paints a clear picture of how fear and uncertainty can lead to the unfair targeting of particular ethnic communities. “It also demonstrates how easily social groups can be labelled as the ’cause’ of a particular problem.”
Researchers found one in six people reported anger towards Muslims and Africans, one in four reported low warmth towards these groups and two-thirds of respondents believe immigrants should conform to Australian cultural norms.
The report reiterated previously known attitudes about migrants – including that someone’s age, level of education and political preferences can influence how they feel:
- Older people, males, those with lower levels of education and Coalition voters expressed stronger exclusivist attitudes towards immigrants than younger, female, tertiary educated, Labor / Greens voters
- Individuals who stated that most of their friends were immigrants reported lower anger and greater warmth towards immigrants
- Individuals living in neighbourhoods with greater concentrations of disadvantage and neighbourhoods where disadvantage had increased over time were more likely to exhibit socially exclusivist attitudes
The authors of the report provided a number of recommendations to community and government organisations to assist in the creation of a welcoming infrastructure, including:
- Improving positive perceptions of Victorians of Muslim and African heritage by reducing threat perceptions and cultural stereotyping
- Highlighting positive contributions made by these communities via information campaigns and the continuation of cultural events
- Ensuring any future government-supported programs in the areas of sport, social cohesion, community, the arts and recreation bring together culturally-diverse groups and build in social belonging and inclusion objectives as benchmarks for success
- Developing targeted approaches for older Australians that encourage greater interethnic contact via Victorian seniors’ organisations and local council events and programs
- Increasing understanding of and acceptance for cultural diversity and immigration as early as primary school, throughout secondary school and via extra-curricular activities
- Seeking bi-partisan cooperation in reducing exclusionary attitudes and actions towards immigrant members of the community to promote Victoria as a safe, strong and inclusive community for all
“In the aftermath of COVID-19, only a united front where people from every background work hand-in-hand will help to solve this humanitarian crisis,” Associate Professor Wickes said.
“Perhaps this experience can help people look past their differences and instead focus on their shared and linked lives.”
The research was granted funding via the Victorian Government’s Social Cohesion Research Grants Program administered through the Department of Premier and Cabinet.
