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Parallels are currently drawn to historical events that shaped Europe (and the world) over the past century: the assassination of the Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand in 1914 (World War I), the appeasement of Adolf Hitler at Munich in 1938 (World War II), or the Cold War that ended in 1989.

The Russian invasion of Ukraine evokes many of the dangers and uncertainties of these times. As back then, Europe is at a crossroads. Politically and morally. And as back then, the ramifications will be dramatic.

Unprecedented European solidarity

It took President Vladimir Putin only three days to achieve what even the most optimistic commentators on European affairs would have thought impossible. Six developments stand out:

1. Germany abandoned the Nord Stream 2 Baltic Sea gas pipeline project, designed to double the flow of Russian gas direct to the country. Instead, it made the historical decision to supply weapons to a conflict zone and to invest 100 billion Euro in the modernisation of its military.
2. Non-NATO countries Sweden and Finland have moved closer to NATO. Both countries have had little appetite to join the club, but are now considering membership. Finland has Europe’s longest border with Russia at over 1300 kilometres.
3. Putin’s aggression against Ukraine has given Greece and Turkey, who are traditionally at odds, a common enemy. Turkey has since rebuffed Russia’s attempt to bring more warships through the Turkish Straits into the Black Sea.
4. The EU has taken unprecedented measures displaying actual unity. Within days, it adopted several imposing wide-ranging restrictions on trade and financial relations with Russia. What is more, EU Commission President Ursula von der Leyen declared that Ukraine is “one of us and we want them in the European Union”.
5. Switzerland has set aside a centuries-old tradition of neutrality. After some initial hesitation, it eventually joined the EU in implementing sanctions, including targeted asset freezes of Russian leaders and oligarchs.
6. Finally, by invading Ukraine, Putin has left his fan club of European right-wing populists squirming. Giorgia Meloni and Matteo Salvini in Italy, Viktor Orbán in Hungary, and the Alternative für Deutschland party in Germany. United in embarrassment and politically sidelined.

In France, Marine Le Pen, the leader of the right-wing ³Ô¹ÏÍøÕ¾ Rally and presidential candidate in the April 2022 election, has hastily destroyed 1.2 million campaign leaflets showing a photo of her shaking hands with Putin.

As welcome as many of these developments are, it is premature to hail them as evidence of fundamental . Too much depends on how the tragic events in Ukraine eventually play out.

Every day the brave Ukrainian defenders withstand the Russian onslaught, the pressure for Putin to return to the negotiating table is rising.

Some commentators have suggested that the window for Russia to “solve” the Ukrainian crisis militarily closed on the 10^th day of the invasion. Two weeks into the conflict, a quick end to the war appears increasingly unlikely.

However, it is difficult to see how the senseless bloodshed can be brought to a hold other than by diplomatic means. Further talks between Russian and Ukrainian officials are scheduled in coming days. As negotiations intensify, compromises will have to be made.

What does Russia want?

Finding a way out of the current quagmire will require listening carefully to what the Russians are saying. Their claims and grievances, as baseless as they may seem, will have to be taken seriously.

This is no easy feat. And it starts by looking at three key explanations announcing his war of choice.

First, Russia is acting to stop “neo-Nazis and militias” from killing civilians and to prevent a “genocide” of Russians in Eastern Ukraine.

Second, Russia is protecting itself from some unspecified threat emanating from Ukraine (NATO in Ukraine?).

Third, Russia is defending and assisting the self-proclaimed breakaway states in the Donbass in Eastern Ukraine, the Donetsk and Luhansk People’s Republics.

In recent days, further signals have been sent by the Russian foreign ministry. For Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov, the world would face a “real danger” if Kyiv acquired nuclear weapons.

His deputy, Alexander Grushko, declared that Russia is interested in NATO taking a position that “would protect our own national interests”. That interest includes the EU “distancing” itself from NATO.

A possible way forward

So, what, then, would a potential compromise look like?

Russia withdraws all troops from Ukraine. Ukraine is excluded from any future NATO membership. A UN and OSCE peacekeeping mission is deployed, including in the Donbass where the status of Donetsk and Luhansk remains to be determined.

The 2014 annexation of Crimea is recognised as irreversible, even if unlawful. Ukraine (as well as Georgia and Moldova) are given pathways to joining the EU. The EU, in turn, agrees to gradually lift its sanctions.

This is, of course, an outcome that could have been achieved by employing creative diplomacy prior to the war. All sides are to blame that it wasn’t. And, as so often in the past, it is thousands of young soldiers, innocent civilians and displaced persons who are tragically paying the price.

Dr is an Associate Professor in the Faculty of Law & Justice at UNSW Sydney and an Associate of the . He specialises in international law and global governance.