The Food and Drug Administration implemented a rule to go into effect on Sept. 10, 2024, about their breast density. The goal is to ensure that women nationwide are informed about the risks of breast density, advised that other imaging tests might help find cancers and urged to talk with their doctors about next steps based on their individual situation.
Authors
Nancy Kressin
Emeritus Professor of Medicine, Boston University
Christine M. Gunn
Assistant Professor of Health Policy and Clinical Practice, Dartmouth College
Priscilla J. Slanetz
Professor of Radiology, Boston University
Tracy A. Battaglia
Associate Director of Cancer Care Equity, Yale Cancer Center, Yale University
The FDA originally , but extended the implementation date to give mammography facilities additional time to adhere.
The Conversation U.S. asked a team of experts in , , and to explain the FDA’s new regulations about these health communications and what women should consider as they decide whether to pursue additional imaging tests, often called supplemental screening.
What is breast density and why does it matter?
Breast density is categorized into four categories: fatty, scattered tissue, heterogeneously dense or extremely dense.
Dense breasts are composed of more fibrous, connective tissue and glandular tissue – meaning glands that produce milk and tubes that carry it to the nipple – than fatty tissue. Because fibroglandular tissue and breast masses both look white on mammographic images, greater breast density makes it more difficult to detect cancer. Nearly are categorized as having dense breasts.
, though the reason for this is unknown.
Because of this, decisions about breast cancer screening . While , additional testing such as ultrasound, MRI or contrast-enhanced mammography may be warranted for women with dense breasts.
What does the new FDA rule say?
The FDA now requires specific language to ensure that all women receive the same “accurate, complete and understandable breast density information.” After a mammogram, women must be informed:
– Whether their breasts are dense or not dense
– That
– That having dense breasts
– That for those with dense breasts, additional imaging tests might help find cancer
They must also be advised to discuss their individual situation with their health care provider, to determine which, if any, additional screening might be indicated.
Why did the FDA issue the new rule?
Prior to the federal rule, . But some states had no notification requirements, and among the others that , including women with dense breasts whose advanced cancer had not been detected on a mammogram.
The FDA standardized the information women must receive. It is written at an eighth grade reading level and may address racial and literacy-level differences in women’s knowledge about breast density and reactions to written notifications.
For instance, our research team among women of color, those with low literacy and women for whom English was not their first language. And some women with low literacy reported decreased future intentions to undergo mammographic screening.
What is the value of additional screening?
Standard mammograms use X-rays to produce two-dimensional images of the breast. A newer type of mammography imaging called produces 3D images, which . So, researchers and doctors generally agree that women with dense breasts should undergo tomosynthesis screening when available.
There is still limited scientific evidence to guide recommendations for supplemental breast screening beyond standard mammography or tomosynthesis for women with dense breast tissue. Data shows that supplemental screening with , or may detect additional cancers, but there are no prospective studies confirming that such additional screening saves more lives.
So far, there is no data from randomized clinical trials showing that supplemental breast MRIs, the most often-recommended supplemental screening, reduce death from breast cancer.
However, more early stage – but not late-stage – , which may require less extensive surgery and less chemotherapy.
Various professional organizations and experts interpret the available data about supplemental screening differently, arriving at different conclusions and recommendations. An important consideration is the woman’s individual level of risk, since emerging evidence suggests that women whose personal risk of developing breast cancer is high from supplemental screening.
Some organizations have concluded that to , or they do not recommend routine use of supplemental screening for women . Others for women with extremely or heterogeneously dense breasts, even when their risk is at the intermediate level.
What should women consider about added screening?
Because personal risk of breast cancer is a crucial consideration in deciding whether to undergo supplemental screening, women should understand their own risk.
The American College of Radiology recommends that all women undergo risk assessment by age 25. Women and their providers can use risk calculators such as Tyrer-Cuzick, which is .
Women should also understand that breast density is only one of several risks for breast cancer, and some of the others can be modified. Engaging in regular physical activity, maintaining a healthy weight, limiting alcohol use and can all .
Are there potential harms?
Amid the , there is less discussion about its possible harms. : results that suggest a finding of cancer that require follow-up testing. Less commonly, a biopsy is needed, which may lead to short-term fear and anxiety, medical bills or potential complications from interventions.
Supplemental screening – the small risk of identifying and treating a cancer that would have never posed a problem.
MRI screening also involves use of a chemical substance called to improve imaging. Although tiny amounts of gadolinium are retained in the body, the FDA considers the when given to patients with normal kidney function.
MRIs may also identify incidental findings outside the breast – such as in the lungs – that warrant additional concern, testing and cost. Women should consider their tolerance for such risks, relative to their desire for the benefits of additional screening.
The out-of-pocket cost of additional screening beyond a mammogram is also a consideration; only 29 states plus the District of Columbia , and only three states – New York, Connecticut and Illinois – mandate insurance coverage with no copays.
How can you learn more?
Though the FDA urges women to talk with their providers, our research found that and that about breast density and current guidelines for breast screening.
It’s not yet clear why, but providers receive little or no training about breast density and report little on this topic.
To address this knowledge deficit in some health care settings, radiologists, whose screening guidelines are more stringent than some other organizations, sometimes provide a recommendation for supplemental screening as part of their mammography report to the provider who ordered the mammogram.
Learning more about the topic in advance of a discussion with a provider can help a woman better understand her options.
Numerous online resources can provide more information, including the , and the .
Armed with information about the complexities of breast density and its impact on breast cancer screening, women can discuss their personal risk with their providers and evaluate the options for supplemental screening, with consideration of how they value the benefits and harms associated with different tests.
