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• This report finds, once again, that stubborn gender stereotypes about the roles men and women play in paid work and caring continue to drive the gender pay gap. These stereotypes still shape the working lives of Australian men and women.
• Closing the primary drivers of the gender pay gap is equivalent to $445 million per week, or about $23 billion per year.
• The gender pay gap will only close with continued effort from government, employers and the community.

The KPMG report, She’s Price(d)less: The Economics of the Gender Pay Gap, which was prepared for Diversity Council Australia (DCA) and the Workplace Gender Equality Agency (WGEA), uses statistical analysis to determine the factors that underpin the gender pay gap, and to what extent they contribute.

The report shows that deeply entrenched gender stereotypes about the roles men and women play in paid work and caring continue to be the driving force behind the gender pay gap. The report found that:

• Gender discrimination continues to be the biggest contributing factor to the pay gap, accounting for almost two-fifths (39 percent) of the gender pay gap
• The combined impact of years not working due to interruptions, part-time employment and unpaid work contributed to 39 percent of the gender pay gap
• Occupational and industrial segregation are still significant contributors to the gender pay gap at 17 percent.

Understanding the drivers of the gender pay gap is critical to designing interventions to close the gap.

This analysis shows that closing the primary drivers of the gender pay gap is equivalent to $445 million per week, or about $23 billion per year.

These findings are in line with the 2018 KPMG report, Ending workforce discrimination against women, which found that halving the gender pay gap in Australia and reducing entrenched discrimination against women in the workforce could increase annual GDP by $60 billion by 2038. Taking focused steps to increase female participation rates could deliver a $140 billion lift in living standards by 2038.

“Evidence reflected in this report identifies the key drivers of Australia’s gender pay gap – gender discrimination, occupational segregation and years not working due to interruptions – such as child care and caring for elderly family members,” said Alison Kitchen, Chairman, KPMG Australia.

“These findings provide crucial knowledge that can help government and business take action and build on the progress that has been made. Solving the challenge of Australia’s gender pay gap is not only fair and sensible, it’s an economically responsible endeavor.”

“Despite the excellent work that many DCA members are undertaking to close the gap in their own organisations, structural inequalities and rigid gender-norms continue to diminish our capacity to provide pay equality across the economy. We need to challenge ideas that the vast majority of caring responsibilities and housework should fall to women,” said Lisa Annese, CEO, Diversity Council Australia.

“We know there are many actions employers can take to achieve pay equity. But we cannot rely solely on the actions of employers if we are going to close the gender pay gap. We must also change the outlook, the hearts and minds of all Australians. We must challenge ourselves in order to change the very ingrained gender stereotypes that underpin the gender pay gap,” said Libby Lyons, Director of the Workplace Gender Equality Agency.

• Addressing discrimination in work practices such as hiring, promotion and access to training
• Increased pay transparency and reporting on gender pay gaps
• Undertaking gender pay gap audits and acting on findings
• Improving work life balance, increasing availability of flexible work
• Increasing availability of childcare or decreasing cost
• Enhancing availability and uptake of shared parental care
• Reducing disincentives to increasing workforce participation through personal tax, family payment and childcare support systems
• Changing workplace culture and addressing unconscious bias
• Breaking down social norms regarding what roles and industries are appropriate for men and women
• Increasing the share of women in leadership positions, including through targets or quotas or other diversity policies
• Developing networks of advocates for gender equality among men and women who can address barriers and affect change.

In 2009, KPMG undertook a major study – Understanding the Economic Implications of the Gender Pay Gap in Australia for the Diversity Council Australia (DCA) to develop a more rigorous evidence base around the structural factors underlying the gender pay gap.

KPMG’s 2009 analysis was based on data from the 2007 Household Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) survey, and built on research undertaken in the United Kingdom (UK) by Walby and Olsen (2002). KPMG’s 2009 Report found that in 2007, of the hourly pay gap of $1.29 ($1.70 in today’s dollars), approximately 35 per cent was potentially attributable to gender.

The gender pay gap has remained stubbornly flat for the past 20 years. Australia’s full-time gender pay gap is 14.0 per cent, meaning women, on average, earn $241.50 per week less than men. It has remained between 14 per cent and 19 per cent for the past 20 years.

Despite the increase in gender discrimination, the overall hourly pay gap for the period from 2014 – 2017 reduced from $3.05/hr to $2.43/hr in today’s dollars.

Consistent with the 2009 and 2016 reports, the 2019 report applies the Walby and Olsen technique, tailored for the Australian context using data from the 2017 HILDA survey. The methodology was enhanced for the 2019 report and investigated additional factors that help explain the gender pay gap. The analysis found that hours of housework, as a proxy for unpaid care and work, was a significant driver of the gender pay gap.