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Is the adage “” true? The short answer is yes, but the full story is more nuanced.

From the moment food touches your tongue to the time it leaves your body, your and work to extract its nutrients. Enzymes in your mouth, stomach and small intestine break down food for absorption, while microbes in your large intestine digest the leftovers.

“” refers to the concept that weight change is determined by the balance between the calories you consume and calories you expend. This includes not only the number of calories you eat due to appetite and absorb via digestion, but also how well those absorbed calories are burned through metabolism.

Recent research indicates that a significant factor influencing people’s are biologically active leftover components of food, known as bioactives. These bioactives play a key role in regulating the body’s metabolic control centers: your brain’s appetite center, the hypothalamus; your gut’s digestive bioreactor, the microbiome; and your cells’ metabolic powerhouses, the mitochondria.

who has spent the past 20 years studying the gut microbiome’s role in metabolic disease. I’ll share how dietary bioactives help to explain why some people can eat more but gain less, and I’ll offer some to improve metabolism.

Ruminating on appetite and digestion

Research has shown that consuming whole foods still “ – the cellular wrappers and colorful compounds in plants that confer many of their health benefits – leads to more calories , when compared with processed foods that ” by factories into simple carbs, refined fats and additives.

This is one way calorie-free factors influence the “calories in, calories out” equation, which can be beneficial in a society where calorie intake often exceeds needs. Eating more whole foods and less processed foods simply lets you eat more because more of those unprocessed calories go unused.

Fiber and also help regulate your appetite and calorie intake through the brain. Your microbiome transforms these leftover bioactives into metabolites – molecular byproducts of digestion – that . These metabolites regulate the same gut hormones that first inspired the popular weight loss drugs , controlling appetite through your .

lack these bioactives and are further formulated with and to be , causing you to crave them and .

Mitochondrial maestros in the middle

A full accounting of calories also depends on how effectively your body burns them to power your movement, thoughts, immunity and other functions – a process largely orchestrated by .

Healthy people typically have that easily process calories to fuel cellular functions. People with metabolic diseases have , contributing to , and .

They also have less of a mitochondria-rich type of fat called . Rather than storing calories, this fat burns them to produce heat. Less brown fat may help explain why some people with obesity can have than those who aren’t obese, and why there has been a in the U.S. since the industrial revolution.

Healthy mitochondria that burn more calories might also help explain why some people can eat more . But this raises the question: Why do some people have healthier mitochondria than others?

Your is ultimately influenced by many factors, including those usually associated with overall well-being: regular exercise, adequate sleep, stress management and healthy eating.

Who turned off the metabo-lights

The latest nutrition research is revealing the roles that previously underappreciated dietary factors play in . Beyond the essential macronutrients – fat, protein and carbohydrates – and micronutrients such as vitamins and minerals, other leftover factors in food, including , , and , are also key for metabolism.

Unlike a , which often lacks these bioactives, traditional diets such as the and diets are – nuts, seeds, fruits, vegetables, whole grains and fermented foods – replete with these factors. Many bioactives pass undigested through the small intestine to the large intestine, where the into activated metabolites. These metabolites are then absorbed, influencing the .

At the most fundamental level of cell biology, metabolites turn on and off through a process that can affect both you and . When the metabolic “lights” are turned on, they enliven the mitochondria responsible for a faster metabolism, effectively increasing the calories you use.

Please mind the microbiome gap

A healthy microbiome produces a full range of beneficial metabolites that support calorie-burning , and metabolic health. But has a microbiome capable of converting bioactives into their active metabolites.

Long-term consumption of , low in and high in and , can impair the microbiome’s ability to produce the metabolites needed for optimal mitochondrial health. , and can also adversely affect microbiome and mitochondrial health.

This creates a double nutrition gap: a lack of healthy diet and a deficiency in the . As a result, well-studied nutritional approaches such as the Mediterranean diet might be less effective in some people with an impaired microbiome, potentially leading to such as diarrhea and negatively affecting metabolic health.

In these cases, nutrition research is exploring the potential health benefits of various that may for a healthy microbiome. While the higher protein in these diets can of beneficial metabolites, the lower carbs stimulate the body’s production of ketones. One ketone, beta-hydroxybutyrate, may function similarly to the microbiome in .

Emerging microbiome-targeting approaches might also prove helpful for improving your metabolic health: to provide preformed microbiome metabolites, to tailor your diet to your microbiome, to help repair your microbiome, and the future possibility of to restore microbiome health.

Tools to transform fat into fuel

For most people, restoring the microbiome through traditional diets such as the Mediterranean diet remains biologically achievable, but it is not always practical due to challenges such as time, cost and taste preferences. In the end, maintaining metabolic health comes back to the deceptively simple of exercise, sleep, stress management and nutritious diet.

Some simple tips and tools can nonetheless help make nutritious diet choices easier. Mnemonics such as the – fibers, polyphenols, unsaturated fats and ferments – can help you focus on foods that best support your microbiome and mitochondria with “leftovers.” can also aid in selecting foods to control your appetite, digestion and metabolism to rebalance your calorie “ins and outs.”