The process of developing better rechargeable batteries may be cloudy, but there’s an alumina lining.
A slim layer of the metal oxide applied to common cathodes by engineers at Rice University’s revealed new phenomena that could lead to batteries that are better geared toward electric cars and more robust off-grid energy storage.
From left, Rice University graduate student Quan Anh Nguyen, postdoctoral fellow Anulekha Haridas and graduate student Botao Farren Song construct full-cell batteries with high-capacity silicon anodes and high-voltage nickel manganese cobalt oxide cathodes coated with protective alumina. Photo by Jeff Fitlow
The study in the American Chemical Society’s describes a previously unknown mechanism by which lithium gets trapped in batteries, thus limiting the number of times it can be charged and discharged at full power.
But that characteristic does not dampen hopes that in some situations, such batteries could be just right.
The Rice lab of chemical and biomolecular engineer found a sweet spot in the batteries that, by not maxing out their storage capacity, could provide steady and stable cycling for applications that need it.
Rice University engineers built lithium-ion batteries with silicon anodes and an alumina layer to protect cathodes from degrading. Illustration courtesy of the Biswal Lab
Biswal said conventional lithium-ion batteries utilize graphite-based anodes that have a capacity of less than 400 milliamp hours per gram (mAh/g), but silicon anodes have potentially 10 times that capacity. That comes with a downside: Silicon expands as it alloys with lithium, stressing the anode. By making the silicon porous and limiting its capacity to 1,000 mAh/g, the team’s test batteries provided stable cycling with still-excellent capacity.
“Maximum capacity puts a lot of stress on the material, so this is a strategy to get capacity without the same degree of stress,” Biswal said. “1,000 milliamp hours per gram is still a big jump.”
The team led by postdoctoral fellow Anulekha Haridas tested the concept of pairing the porous, high-capacity silicon anodes (in place of graphite) with high-voltage nickel manganese cobalt oxide (NMC) cathodes. The full cell lithium-ion batteries demonstrated stable cyclability at 1,000 mAh/g over hundreds of cycles.
Some cathodes had a 3-nanometer layer of alumina (applied via ), and some did not. Those with the alumina coating protected the cathode from breaking down in the presence of , which forms if even minute amounts of water invade the liquid electrolyte. Testing showed the alumina also accelerated the battery’s charging speed, reducing the number of times it can be charged and discharged.
Rice University researchers — from left, Sibani Lisa Biswal, Botao Farren Song, Quan Anh Nguyen and Anulekha Haridas — built full lithium-ion batteries with silicon anodes and an alumina layer to protect cathodes from degrading. By limiting their energy density, the batteries promise excellent stability for transportation and grid storage use. Photo by Jeff Fitlow
There appears to be extensive trapping as a result of the fast lithium transport through alumina, Haridas said. The researchers already knew of possible ways silicon anodes trap lithium, making it unavailable to power devices, but she said this is the first report of the alumina itself absorbing lithium until saturated. At that point, she said, the layer becomes a catalyst for fast transport to and from the cathode.
“This lithium-trapping mechanism effectively protects the cathode by helping maintain a stable capacity and energy density for the full cells,” Haridas said.
Co-authors are Rice graduate students Quan Anh Nguyen and Botao Farren Song, and Rachel Blaser, a research and development engineer at Ford Motor Co. Biswal is a professor of chemical and biomolecular engineering and of materials science and nanoengineering.
Ford’s University Research Program supported the research.
