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Since 2020, the condition known as long COVID-19 has become a affecting the health and quality of life of millions of people across the globe and costing economies billions of dollars in .

The intense scientific effort that long COVID sparked has resulted in , making it the most researched health condition in any four years of recorded human history.

is a term that describes the caused by infection with the SARS-CoV-2 virus. These range from persistent respiratory symptoms, such as shortness of breath, to debilitating fatigue or brain fog that limits people’s ability to work, and conditions such as heart failure and diabetes, which are known to last a lifetime.

I am a physician scientist, and I have been deeply immersed in studying long COVID since the early days of the pandemic. I have testified before the U.S. Senate as an , have and was named as one of for my research in this area.

Over the first half of 2024, a and on long COVID added clarity to this complex condition. These include, in particular, insights into how COVID-19 can still wreak havoc in many organs years after the initial viral infection, as well as emerging evidence on viral persistence and immune dysfunction that last for months or years after initial infection.

How long COVID affects the body

A new study that my colleagues and I published in the New England Journal of Medicine on July 17, 2024, shows that the over the course of the pandemic. In 2020, when the ancestral strain of SARS-CoV-2 was dominant and vaccines were not available, about 10.4% of adults who got COVID-19 developed long COVID. By early 2022, when the omicron family of variants predominated, that rate declined to 7.7% among unvaccinated adults and 3.5% of vaccinated adults. In other words, unvaccinated people were more than twice as likely to develop long COVID.

While researchers like me do not yet have concrete numbers for the current rate in mid-2024 due to the time it takes for long COVID cases to be reflected in the data, the flow of new patients into long COVID clinics has been on par with 2022.

We found that the decline was the result of two key drivers: availability of vaccines and changes in the characteristics of the virus – which made the virus less prone to cause severe acute infections and may have reduced its ability to persist in the human body long enough to cause chronic disease.

Despite the decline in risk of developing long COVID, even a 3.5% risk is substantial. New and repeat COVID-19 infections translate into millions of new long COVID cases that add to an already staggering number of people suffering from this condition.

Estimates for the first year of the pandemic suggests that at globally have had long COVID. Along with a group of other leading scientists, my team will soon publish updated estimates of the global burden of long COVID and its impact on the global economy through 2023.

In addition, a major new report by the ³Ô¹ÏÍøÕ¾ Academies of Sciences Engineering and Medicine details all the . The report was commissioned by the Social Security Administration to understand the implications of long COVID on its disability benefits.

It concludes that long COVID is a complex chronic condition that can result in more than 200 health effects across multiple body systems. These include new onset or worsening:

• such as , strokes and . This is a category of disorders that affect the body’s – nerves that regulate most of the body’s vital mechanisms such as blood pressure, heart rate and temperature.
• , a state of severe exhaustion that may happen after even minor activity – often leaving the patient unable to function for hours, days or weeks
• metabolic disorders such as and , or a rise in bad cholesterol

Long COVID can affect people across the lifespan from children to older adults and across race and ethnicity and baseline health status. Importantly, had mild COVID-19 infections.

The ³Ô¹ÏÍøÕ¾ Academies report also concluded that long COVID can result in the inability to return to work or school; poor quality of life; diminished ability to perform activities of daily living; and decreased physical and cognitive function for months or years after the initial infection.

The report points out that many health effects of long COVID, such as post-exertional malaise and chronic fatigue, cognitive impairment and autonomic dysfunction, are not currently captured in the , yet may significantly affect an individual’s ability to participate in work or school.

A long road ahead

What’s more, health problems resulting from COVID-19 can last years after the initial infection.

A large study published in early 2024 showed that even people who had a related to COVID-19 in the third year after the initial infection.

Such findings parallel other research showing that the in various organ systems for months or years after COVID-19 infection. And research is showing that immune responses to the infection are after a mild infection. Together, these studies may explain why a SARS-CoV-2 infection years ago could still cause new health problems long after the initial infection.

Important progress is also being made in understanding the pathways by which long COVID wreaks havoc on the body. Two preliminary studies and show that when researchers transfer auto-antibodies – antibodies generated by a person’s immune system that are directed at their own tissues and organs – from people with long COVID into healthy mice, the animals start to experience long COVID-like symptoms such as muscle weakness and poor balance.

These studies suggest that an abnormal immune response thought to be responsible for the generation of these auto-antibodies may underlie long COVID and that may hold promise as potential treatments.

An ongoing threat

Despite overwhelming evidence of the wide-ranging risks of COVID-19, a great deal of messaging suggests that it is no longer a threat to the public. Although there is no empirical evidence to back this up, this misinformation has permeated the public narrative.

The data, however, tells a different story.

continue to and lead to and than the flu. COVID-19 also leads to . Trivializing COVID-19 as an inconsequential cold or does not align with reality.

Ziyad Al-Aly receives funding from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs.