Australians are . Some will even remember the crisis that followed the second world war. As well as producing the popular style of architecture, these post-war decades were a time of struggle.
Authors
- Julie Collins
Research Fellow and Curator, Architecture Museum, University of South Australia
- Lyrian Daniel
Associate Professor in Architecture, University of South Australia
As the after the war, Australia faced an estimated shortage of . Government intervention was needed. A by the Commonwealth Housing Commission stated that “a dwelling of good standard and equipment is not only the need but the right of every citizen”.
A key recommendation was that the Australian government should encourage the building of more climate-responsive and healthy homes.
So, what happened? Why are so many homes today still ?
Building small and for a sunny climate
The postwar period was a time of shortages and rationing. As well as meat, sugar, clothing and fuel, building materials were in short supply.
Government restrictions limited house sizes in general to around 110 square metres. That’s less than half the today. Building activity and the prices of materials were also regulated.
While people waited for building permits, many had to . Some lived in sleepouts or rented spare rooms from strangers. Others camped in tents or lived in caravans or temporary buildings erected on land bought before the war.
Looking at the published advice on housing design in the 1940s and 1950s, it’s clear , small home sizes and climate-responsive architecture were topics of interest. A passive solar design works with the local climate to maintain a comfortable temperature in the home.
This preference was not driven by concerns about climate change or carbon footprints. Rather, the Commonwealth Housing Commission solar planning “for health and comfort”.
The commission’s executive officer, architect Walter Bunning, demonstrated how to go about this in his book . He translated government recommendations into a format appealing to home builders.
This was a time before most home owners could afford air conditioning. It was advised that homes be sited to capture prevailing breezes, have insulated walls and roofs, use window shading and overhanging eaves, and plantings of shade trees and deciduous creepers. External spaces, such as patios, and north-facing living spaces oriented to the sun, were also promoted.
Among the designs were plans for the “Sun Trap House”. This design applied passive solar design principles to a modest freestanding home.
‘New approach’ didn’t eventuate
Eventually, the housing crisis eased. However, this was not a result of Bunning’s hoped for “new approach to house planning”. Most of the new housing was traditionally designed and built suburban homes.
These came in the form of stock plans by builders and construction companies, with owner builders making up in 1953-54. Sponsored housing provision programs, including the and , were rolled out across the country.
At a state level, arms of government such as the and the provided not only houses for the rental market but also for purchase. These houses included .
As a result, many homes built in the postwar housing crisis suffer from as their predecessors. It led to a situation today where have an energy rating of three stars or lower. That’s well short of the current for new homes.
It wasn’t for lack of architectural advice
In a time of shortage, most people were happy to have a roof over their heads no matter what the design. To architects, this seemed a wasted opportunity.
As a result, the promoted architect-designed plans that people could buy for a nominal fee. In South Australia, these were available through the .
for sale were featured in newspapers and magazines such as the . The institute also published brochures that promoted the idea that “better design considers climate and environment” and followed recommendations by the for maximum comfort.
Passive solar solutions are timeless
The energy-hungry mechanical heating and cooling of today’s houses often neglects passive solar and simple solutions such as insulation, eaves, window awnings, curtains and draught stoppers. These were common solutions in the post-war period.
The principles of passive solar design haven’t changed since then. The ideas advocated both in 1945 and today in design advice such as the Australian government’s guide to environmentally sustainable homes remain the same.
While our world today faces many crises affecting health, climate resilience, housing affordability and inequality, we have a chance to shape the solutions.
The federal government is developing a and has committed A$10 billion to its housing fund. The target is to build over the next five years. What better opportunity to learn from the past and build a brighter, more sustainable future?
