The Tongan volcanic eruption may be responsible for New Zealand’s unusually vibrant sunrises and sunsets, say NIWA scientists.
Since late May, NIWA’s forecasting team has been flooded with messages from members of the public across the country, enquiring about a strange but beautiful phenomenon – stunning, fiery colours in the sky, appearing just before or after the sun crosses the horizon.
To understand these sightings, the forecasting team contacted their colleagues at the Lauder Atmospheric Research Station in Central Otago, who confirmed that their ground-based LIDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) instrument has been detecting unusual spikes in aerosols in the stratosphere, at around 20-25 kilometres above New Zealand.
It is thought that these aerosols are the cause of the remarkable skyscapes being spotted around the country lately.
The aerosols originate from the plume of gas and ash that was ejected when the Hunga Tonga-Hunga Ha’apai (HT-HH) volcano erupted in January. They have been dispersing around the globe, with concentrations spiking in the New Zealand region since mid-May.
This has been confirmed by researchers at the Institut Pierre-Simon Laplace in Paris. Their analysis of satellite data shows that concentrations of stratospheric aerosols from the HT-HH eruption have tripled between 35°S-45°S – the latitude where New Zealand lies on the globe – since April.
NIWA forecaster Nava Fedaeff says that stratospheric aerosols change the way that light scatters.
“Usually when you see a sunrise or sunset, it is the clouds that morph into the most vibrant colours. However, when stratospheric aerosols are present following a volcanic eruption, they scatter and bend the light as the sun dips or rises past the horizon, creating a glow in the sky with hues of blue, purple, and violet.”
Since the colours achieve their greatest intensity after the sun has set or before it rises, Ms Fedaeff says volcanic twilights are known as “afterglows.” The colour and intensity of the afterglow is affected by the amount of haze and cloudiness along the path of light reaching the stratosphere.
“These bewitching scenes are made even more striking by crepuscular rays caused by shadowing from distant clouds or mountain barriers.”
This is not the first time that New Zealand has experienced this natural phenomenon. After the Philippine volcano Mount Pinatubo erupted in 1991, sunset afterglows persisted to varying degrees for months, meaning New Zealander could be treated to these lovely evening colours for a while longer.
There have also been questions posed as to how the HT-HH eruption could impact our winter weather. Are there colder than average months ahead? When Mount Pinatubo blew 30 years ago, it cooled the earth by one degree for the next year and a half. However, NIWA scientists say it is unlikely that it will happen this time round.
NIWA atmospheric scientist Ben Liley says that this is because of the type of aerosols that HT-HH released.
“Sulphur dioxide is what often causes global cooling after an eruption. Although it was the largest eruption since Mount Pinatubo, HT-HH injected far less sulphur dioxide into the stratosphere – 0.4 million tons compared with 10-15 million tons – instead sending up vastly more water vapour because it erupted underwater. The scientific interest will be in how the water vapour changes the chemistry of the stratosphere, which would have had its own effects.”
NIWA’s Principal Scientist for Atmosphere and Climate, Dr Olaf Morganstern, agrees.
“At sea level, about 1% of the atmosphere is water, but in the stratosphere, this drops to just several parts per million air molecules. A large volcanic eruption from an undersea volcano can increase this noticeably. Stratospheric water vapour is a potent greenhouse gas, trapping the Earth’s heat, so this increase would swamp the cooling effect of the aerosols.
“In addition, a continuation of La Niña and warmer than usual coastal waters are expected to cause a warmer than average winter. My money is on our coming winter not being unusually cold. Thus far, there is no indication of any lower temperatures,” says Dr Morganstern.
