Kyoto, Japan — How could a human mother tell that her child is upset? Humans can distinguish the meanings of facial expressions of our fellow species either explicitly through speech or implicitly by context.
When decoding animal expressions, however, we face the challenge of interpreting familiar characteristics in proper context. For example, when we see teeth-exposing smiles among other human beings, the correct emotion with which it is usually associated is joy, whereas for other primates it is quite possibly an expression of fear or submission.
A research team at Kyoto University has repurposed the human facial action coding system, or FACS, as a tool for cross-species systematic comparisons of facial muscles to help interpret the resulting expressions. Facial muscle contractions move portions of the skin, producing a set of visible appearance changes in the face.
In turn, these changes act as cues for specific movements which FACS helps to identify. FACS analyzes and classifies the visible movements made by facial muscles into so-called action units, or AU.
“Marmosets demonstrate socio-ecological characteristics and primitive facial musculature that would suggest facial mobility lower than other primates. But surprisingly, when we developed an adapted version of FACS, there was actually little difference,” says lead author Catia Correia-Caeiro.
The tool CalliFACS, named after the common marmosets, Callithrix jacchus, detected 33 facial movements, of which fifteen were AUs. This means that facial mobility in marmosets is lower than that in humans but similar to other primates studied, namely chimpanzees, orangutans, rhesus macaques, and gibbons.
It has come as a surprise that the common marmoset possesses an unexpectedly high number of facial movements. To the team, it suggests that facial expressions are more ancient and prevalent among social animals than previously thought.
“Creating CalliFACS has clearly shown us just how complex animal communication might be,” surmises the author.
According to Correia-Caeiro, the development of a FACS for the common marmoset as the first new world primate is significant. “This has furthered the expansion of research on the evolution of human communication and emotion by comparing us to a more distantly related primate in facial expression studies,” the author concludes.
