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Australians are fortunate to have access to safe and healthy drinking water in our towns and cities, which is acknowledged as a globally. Sadly, the World Health Organization estimates about across the world are not so lucky.

Drinking water is important for our health, but are a common cause of illness. Avoiding water-borne illnesses is particularly important for people with weakened immune systems, or for the very young or aged. Many people travelling around Australia over the summer holidays might wonder if it is still safe to drink the water when they are far from home.

This is a particularly important question this year. After months of very heavy rain across much of eastern Australia, flooding has many rivers and waterways.

Is taste an indication of water quality? And are they some places where you should avoid the tap water altogether?

Waterways and alerts

The flooded waterways are the water supply for many regional towns. Poor quality water has made their job of supplying clean and healthy water much more difficult.

In some cases, contamination from flood waters has entered town water treatment and . Even Sydney’s giant water supply reservoir, Warragamba Dam, has due to the inflow of poor quality water from a catchment still impacted from bushfires of two summers ago.

As a consequence of flooding, many regional water authorities in Victoria and New South Wales have declared “” at various times this year. Most have now been lifted.

At the time of writing, there are still four alerts active in NSW (Eugowra, Narranderra, Forbes and nearby small towns). The Victorian town of Echuca a boil water alert in October, since lifted, after stormwater entered its water system.

The set the standard for all states and territories.

If you are travelling to a town that has been affected by flooding, you should check with your accommodation provider to see if any boil water alerts are active.

You can also check with the local water authority. In many cases this is the local council. The NSW Health Ministry water alerts and incidents.

Going bush?

But what if you are travelling or camping in a more remote area and are planning to drink from a local stream or an isolated water supply? You might be taking an unnecessary risk if you drink local water without precautions.

If you can’t be certain of the water quality, it is probably best to drink bottled or boiled water. Other water treatment options include chemical disinfection or filtration, but these can be . Testing water yourself is also difficult and expensive.

If you , it needs to be a “rolling boil” with big bubbles erupting on the surface. Let it bubble for or and store cooled water in a closed container.

Tasting notes

If you do drink water from an untreated water supply, your senses can give some clues to its safety and quality. Does the water appear clean? Does it smell OK? Is there any cloudiness, discolouration or anything floating or suspended in the water? These signs don’t always mean water is unsafe to drink, but can be an .

That said, water tastes different in different locations around Australia and it might not taste like what you’re used to. Every year the Australian water industry holds a competition to judge Australia’s best-tasting water. This year Casino, in northern NSW took the .

A common complaint from travellers is the smell of (or perhaps more accurately chloramines) in town water. These are a family of chlorine compounds added in low doses to water to kill any disease causing microorganisms in water supply systems. These compounds can be to taste by boiling or by using a commercial water filter.

And don’t swim in it either

Flooding continues to affect many rivers and communities. Flood waters are working their way down river systems. South Australia is by flooding of the Murray River, with SES warning of a bigger flood peak later in December.

Even if a flooded river looks inviting for a cooling swim this summer, don’t swim in it. Apart from the drowning risk, or entanglement with debris, medical advice is to avoid contact with flood waters as they are with disease-causing organisms, including from sewerage overflows.

Even if you’re not drinking it, you don’t want to accidentally ingest this dangerous cocktail.

Ian Wright has received funding from industry, as well as Commonwealth, NSW and local Government. He formerly worked in the water industry for Sydney Water Corporation.

Jason Reynolds receives funding from Australian Research Council Research Hub Nutrients in a Circular Economy (NiCE) and Sydney Water.