Lasagne or risotto? Muesli bar or brownie? What’s better for the planet? How do you know for sure?
Authors
Simone Pettigrew
Program Director of Food Policy, George Institute for Global Health
Allison Gaines
PhD Candidate in Public Health and Epidemiology, Imperial College London
We’ve crunched the numbers on greenhouse gas emissions so you don’t have to. All you need is a smartphone with our free .
Simply scan the product’s barcode to check the “planetary health rating”. Then see if it’s worth switching to another product with a better rating.
If every Australian swapped higher-emission products for very similar but lower-emission products, total by a quarter (26%). Taking this a step further, consistently switching to the “less similar” lower-emission option – such as swapping to a different type of bread – would cut emissions from household groceries by a whopping 71%.
Devising ‘planetary health ratings’ for food
Australians are becoming increasingly aware that their food choices have consequences.
Many would like to see sustainability information on product packaging, to help them make more .
But in the absence of industry-wide standards and regulation, unofficial logos and vague claims are proliferating. The Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) has found are particularly prevalent in the food and beverage sector.
Frustrated by a lack of action, we devised our own labelling system.
First, we carried out a total life-cyle assessment of for more than 60,000 packaged food products.
We used the list of ingredients as a starting point. Then we estimated the weight of each ingredient, using a mathematical formula.
We sourced existing information on associated with the production of each ingredient. And finally, we put it all together.
Each product now has a ““, which is a measure of its emissions on a ten-point scale from half a star (high emissions) to five stars (low emissions). This is consistent with the format.
Through the ecoSwitch app, consumers can see how selected packaged food items rate and then consider more environmentally friendly alternatives. The free, user-friendly app is now available from the and .
Sobering revelations
of the ecoSwitch database, combined with sales data, delivers a sobering picture of the Australian diet.
The food and drink we bring into our homes each year represents total emissions of about .
The main offenders are meat and meat products (49% of emissions), dairy products (17%) and non-alcoholic drinks (16%).
can help rein in the food system’s contribution to global warming.
But packaged foods contain many ingredients, with differing levels of emissions. This is where ecoSwitch can help. Take soup, for example.
One type of pumpkin soup available in Australia receives a planetary health rating of 5 stars, while a chicken and sweetcorn soup receives 1.5 stars. In the snack bar category, a particular fruit and oat muesli bar receives 4 stars while a chocolate and oat bar receives 1 star.
Such large variation within product categories shows how much difference consumers can make through their choices.
The ecoSwitch app also provides the for each food product in the database. This is very useful considering the health star ratings are only displayed on of products, because it is a voluntary system.
Fortunately, in most instances, the more sustainable choice is also the healthier choice, so consumers don’t need to trade off personal health for planetary health.
Driving change across the food supply chain
The food and beverage sector ranks in terms of global contributions to greenhouse emissions. Patterns of consumption in higher-income countries such as Australia must change if we are to meet our climate goals.
Incorporating is worthwhile, but this alone is insufficient. Voluntary, or better still, is needed to reduce the production of high-emission products (such as meat and dairy) in favour of low-emission products (such as vegetables).
We believe the ecoSwitch app has the potential to trigger positive change along the . Once consumers have access to more comprehensive information about products, manufacturers will change their production processes to achieve more favourable scores. This was the case with , and there is every reason to expect a similar response to sustainability labelling.
Governments can also use the information to monitor the food sector, identify particularly problematic products and product categories, and offer incentives – or penalise companies accordingly.
Knowledge is power, and ecoSwitch gives consumers the knowledge they need to make more sustainable food choices. In the absence of other reliable information, such knowledge is vital to help shoppers identify sustainable packaged food options in the supermarket.
Answers to questions like those posed at the start of this article will depend to a certain extent on the specific products being considered. But typically, risotto is better than lasagne. One pumpkin, leek and spinach risotto, for example, had a planetary health star rating of 4.5, compared to a beef lasagne with 0.5 stars. And cereal (muesli) bars are usually better than brownies. One apricot and almond muesli bar had a planetary health star rating of 4.5, while a fudge chocolate brownie bar received 0.5 stars.
Simone Pettigrew works for The George Institute for Global Health. She receives funding from the National Health and Medical Research Council for research on food sustainability labelling.
Allison Gaines does not work for, consult, own shares in or receive funding from any company or organisation that would benefit from this article, and has disclosed no relevant affiliations beyond their academic appointment.
