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Has your doctor asked you to stick out your tongue and say “aaah”? While the GP assesses your throat, they’re also checking out your tongue, which can reveal a lot about your health.

The doctor will look for any changes in the tongue’s surface or how it moves. This can indicate issues in the mouth itself, as well as the state of your overall health and immunity.

But there’s no need to wait for a trip to the doctor. Cleaning your tongue can help you check how your tongue looks and feels – and improve your breath.

What does a healthy tongue look like?

Our tongue plays a crucial role in eating, talking and other vital functions. It is not a single muscle but rather a muscular organ, made up of eight muscle pairs that help it move.

The surface of the tongue is covered by tiny bumps that can be seen and felt, called papillae, giving it a rough surface.

These are sometimes mistaken for taste buds – they’re not. Of your 200,000-300,000 papillae, only a small fraction contain taste buds. Adults have up to 10,000 taste buds and they are invisible to the naked eye, concentrated mainly on the tip, sides and back of the tongue.

A healthy tongue is pink although the shade may vary from person to person, ranging from dark to light .

A small amount of white coating can be normal. But significant changes or discolouration may indicate a disease or .

How should I clean my tongue?

Cleaning your tongue only takes around 10-15 seconds, but it’s is a good way to check in with your health and can easily be incorporated into your teeth brushing routine.

You can clean your tongue by gentle scrubbing it with a regular toothbrush. This dislodges any food debris and helps prevent microbes building up on its rough textured surface.

Or you can use a special . These curved instruments are made of metal or plastic, and can be used alone or accompanied by scrubbing with your toothbrush.

Your co-workers will thank you as well – cleaning your tongue can help combat . Tongue scrapers are particularly at removing the bacteria that commonly causes bad breath, hidden in the tongue’s surface.

What’s that stuff on my tongue?

So, you’re checking your tongue during your twice-daily clean, and you notice something different. Noting these signs is the first step. If you observe any changes and they worry you, you should talk to your GP.

Here’s what your tongue might be telling you.

White coating

Developing a white coating on the tongue’s surface is one of the in healthy people. This can happen if you stop brushing or scraping the tongue, even for a few days.

In this case, food debris and microbes have accumulated and caused plaque. Gentle scrubbing or scraping will remove this coating. Removing microbes reduces the risk of chronic infections, which can be transferred to other organs and cause .

Yellow coating

This may indicate oral thrush, a that leaves a raw surface when scrubbed.

Oral thrush is in elderly people who take multiple medications or have diabetes. It can also affect children and young adults after an illness, due to the temporary or use.

If you have oral thrush, a doctor will usually prescribe a course of anti-fungal medication for at least a month.

Black coating

Smoking or consuming a lot of strong-coloured food and drink – such as tea and coffee, or dishes with tumeric – can cause a furry appearance. This is known as a . It’s not hair, but an overgrowth of bacteria which may indicate poor oral hygiene.

Pink patches

Pink patches surrounded by a white border can make your tongue look like a map – this is called ““. It’s what causes this condition, which usually doesn’t require treatment.

Pain and inflammation

A red, sore tongue can indicate a , including:

• nutritional deficiencies such as folic acid or vitamin B12
• diseases including anaemia, and
• inflammation known as
• injury from hot beverages or food
• ulcers, including cold sores and canker sores
• .

Dryness

Many medications can cause dry mouth, also called xerostomia. These include antidepressants, anti-psychotics, muscle relaxants, pain killers, antihistamines and diuretics. If your mouth is very dry, it may hurt.

What about cancer?

White or red patches on the tongue that can’t be scraped off, are long-standing or growing need to checked out by a dental professional as soon as possible, as do painless ulcers. These are at a of turning into cancer, compared to other parts of the mouth.

have low survival rates due to delayed detection – and they are on the rise. So for changes in colour, texture, sore spots or ulcers is .